International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 1309-0682

Orjinal Araştırma Makalesi | Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi 2020, Cil. 14(34) 84-105

Freirean Dialogue for Peace Education: A Promising Pedagogy for Grassroots Peace in the Middle East

Gülistan Gürsel-Bilgin

ss. 84 - 105   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/mjer.2020.322.4   |  Makale No: MANU-2003-25-0004.R1

Yayın tarihi: Aralık 25, 2020  |   Okunma Sayısı: 294  |  İndirilme Sayısı: 605


Özet

The relatively few studies focused on the inter-ethnic/inter-religious encounter/dialogue initiatives between Israel and Palestine emphasize the failure of these efforts in promoting tolerance and mutual respect. However, with all the tools of the 21st century to change the recurrent history, we have every reason to be hopeful for a peaceful future. This paper presents an overview of Arab-Jewish dialogue projects in order to reveal future directions towards achieving critical dialogue as a foundation for peace education from the grassroots. For this purpose, the dialogue encounters in the Israel and Palestine are portrayed as they are operated by non-governmental organizations, international third-party interventions, and schools. Next, drawing from a number of dialogue scholars, the notion of Freirean dialogue is presented. Finally, Freirean dialogue is proposed as an effective pedagogy in order to eliminate the barriers undermining dialogue between the two groups for a grassroots peace movement.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dialogue, Dialogic Pedagogy, Encounter, Freire, Grassroots Peace Education, International Third-Party Interventions, Israel and Palestine, Transformative Education


Bu makaleye nasıl atıf yapılır?

APA 6th edition
Gursel-Bilgin, G. (2020). Freirean Dialogue for Peace Education: A Promising Pedagogy for Grassroots Peace in the Middle East . Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(34), 84-105. doi: 10.29329/mjer.2020.322.4

Harvard
Gursel-Bilgin, G. (2020). Freirean Dialogue for Peace Education: A Promising Pedagogy for Grassroots Peace in the Middle East . Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(34), pp. 84-105.

Chicago 16th edition
Gursel-Bilgin, Gulistan (2020). "Freirean Dialogue for Peace Education: A Promising Pedagogy for Grassroots Peace in the Middle East ". Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi 14 (34):84-105. doi:10.29329/mjer.2020.322.4.

Kaynakça
  1. Abu-Nimer, M. (1999) Dialogue, Conflict Resolution and Change: Arab-Jewish Encounters in Israel. New York: SUNY Press. [Google Scholar]
  2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley.  [Google Scholar]
  3. Amir, Y. (1976). Contact Hypothesis in Ethnic Relations” and “The role of intergroup contact in change of prejudice and ethnic relations. In P.A. Katz (Ed.) Towards the Elimination of Racism. New York: Pergamon. [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson, R.,  Baxter, L. A., Cissna, K. N. (Eds) (2005). Dialogue: Theorizing Difference in Communication Studies. Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
  5. Arnett, R. C. (1994). Existential homelessness: A contemporary case for dialogue. In Anderson, R., Cissna, K. N., & Arnett, R. C. (Eds.). The reach of dialogue: Confirmation, voice, and community. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc. [Google Scholar]
  6. Bajaj, M. (2008). Critical peace education. In M. Bajaj, (Ed.) Encyclopaedia of peace education. New York: Colombia Teacher's College.  [Google Scholar]
  7. Bakhtin, M. (1981). The Dialogic imagination, C. Emerson & M. Holquist, trans. Austin, TX, University of Texas Press.  [Google Scholar]
  8. Bakhtin, M. (1984a). Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics, C. Emerson, ed. & trans. Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar]
  9. Bakhtin, M. (1984b). Rabelais and his world, H. Iswolsky, trans. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press. [Google Scholar]
  10. Bakhtin, M. (1986). Speech genres & other late essays, V. McGee, trans. Austin, TX, University of Texas Press. [Google Scholar]
  11. Bakhtin, M. (1990). Art and answerability: early philosophical essays, V. Liapunov & M. Holquist, trans. Austin, TX, University of Texas Press. [Google Scholar]
  12. Bar-Siman-Tov, I. (2011). The Puzzling Resistance to Judicial Review of the Legislative Process. 91 Boston University Law Review 1915, 1917. [Google Scholar]
  13. Bar-Tal, D. (2011). Policy for education toward Jewish-Arab partnership: A Case Study. (Presentation for the Annual Convention of the Association for Jewish Studies, Boston, Massachusetts, December 21, 2010); Yoram Harpaz, interview with Daniel Bar-Tal (Hebrew), Hed Ha-Khinukh 4, February 2011, 32-38. [Google Scholar]
  14. Brewer, M., Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71:83-93. [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown, N. J. (2006). Contesting national identity in Palestinian education. In R. I. Rotberg (Ed.) Israeli and Palestinian narratives of conflict: history's double Helix. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.  [Google Scholar]
  16. Buber, M. (1958). I and thou. (trans: Gregory Smith, R.). Edinburgh: T & T Clark. [Google Scholar]
  17. Buber, M. (1985). Between man and man. New York: Collier Books. [Google Scholar]
  18. Cissna, K. N. & Anderson, R. (1998). Theorizing about dialogic moments: The Buber-Rogers position and postmodern themes. Communication Theory. Pp. 63-104. [Google Scholar]
  19. Cochran, J. A. (2005). Adult education providing leadership pathways to peace through adult education in Palestine and Israel. Convergence, 38(1), 91-105 [Google Scholar]
  20. Dale, J., Hyslop-Margison, E. J. (2010). Paulo Freire: Teaching for Freedom and Transformation: The Philosophical Influences on the Work of Paulo Freire. Springer.  [Google Scholar]
  21. Emerson, C. (1997) The first hundred years of Mikhail Bakhtin. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]
  22. Farmer, F. (1998). Dialogue and critique: Bakhtin and the cultural studies writing classroom, College Composition and Communication, 49:2, (May 1998), pp. 186–207. [Google Scholar]
  23. Firer, R. (2004). The Presentation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in Israeli history and civics textbooks. In Firer, R., and Adwan, S., The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in Israeli history and civics Textbooks of both nations. Hannover: Georg-Eckert-Institute fur internationale Schulbuchforschung, Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung. [Google Scholar]
  24. Fisher, R. J. (1997). Interactive Conflict Resolution. In I. William Zartman and J. Lewis Rasmussen (Eds.) Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, pp. 239-272. [Google Scholar]
  25. Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–76, trans. David Macey. New York: Picador [Google Scholar]
  26. Freire, P. & Macedo, D. (1987) Literacy: Reading the word and the world. New York, Bergin & Garvey.  [Google Scholar]
  27. Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum. [Google Scholar]
  28. Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Harmondsworth: Penguin. [Google Scholar]
  29. Freire, P. (1998). Pedagogy of freedom: ethics, democracy and civic courage. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  30. Freire, P., Macedo, D.  (1995). "A Dialogue: Culture, Language, and Race" in Harvard Educational Review, 65(3).  [Google Scholar]
  31. Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. In David J. Flinders and Stephen J. Thornton. The curriculum studies reader. New York; London: Routledge.  [Google Scholar]
  32. Friedman, M. (1960). Dialogue and the "essential we": The bases of values in the philosophy of Martin Buber. American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 2 0 .26-34. [Google Scholar]
  33. Friedman, M. (1996). Becoming aware: A dialogical approach to consciousness. The Humanistic Psychologist. 24(2).203-220. [Google Scholar]
  34. Further, P. (1966). Educaç ão e Vida. Rio. Rio de Janiero: Vozes [Google Scholar]
  35. Gadamer, H. O. (1991) Plato’s dialectical ethics: phenomenological interpretations relating to the “Philebus”, trans. by R. M. Wallace, New Haven: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  36. Gergen, K. (2000). Kenneth Gergen’s Home Page. Available: http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/kgergenl/July 2000]. [Google Scholar]
  37. Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books, a division of Perseus Books. [Google Scholar]
  38. Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and relationships: Soundings in social construction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]
  39. Gergen, K. J. (1999). An invitation to social construction. Thousand oaks, CA: Sage. [Google Scholar]
  40. Glenna, M. (2012). Why peacebuilding failed in Israel and Palestine. A critical analysis of civil society peacebuilding. American University. Available online, last accessed 03.05.2020: http://www.academia.edu/2455500/Why_Peacebuilding_Failed_in_Israel_and_Palestine_-_A_Critical_Analysis_of_Civil_Society_Peacebuilding [Google Scholar]
  41. Guevara, C. (1969). The speeches and writings of Che Guevara. Panther Books. New York.  [Google Scholar]
  42. Halabi, R. (2004). Israeli and Palestinian Identities in Dialogue: The School for Peace Approach. Rutgers University Press.  [Google Scholar]
  43. Hammack, P.L. (2006). Identity, conflict, and coexistence: Life stories of Israeli and Pales-tinian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21(4), 323-369. (2) (PDF) Tracing the Long-Term Impacts of a Generation of Israeli–Palestinian Youth Encounters.  [Google Scholar]
  44. Hantzopoulos, M. (2011). Encountering Peace: the Politics of Participation When Educating for Co-Existence. In P. P. Trifonas and B. Wright (Eds.) Critical issues in peace and education. Routledge. Taylor &Francis Group. New York and London.  [Google Scholar]
  45. Harris, I. (2004). Peace education theory. Journal of Peace Education, 1(1): 5-20. [Google Scholar]
  46. Harris, I. (2008). The promise and pitfalls of peace education evaluation. In J. Lin, E. Brantmeier & C.Bruhn (Eds.), Transforming education for peace (pp. 245-264). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.  [Google Scholar]
  47. Kashti, O. (2010). History Students Fight to Use Textbook Presenting Both Israeli and Palestinian Narratives.  Haaretz.  [Google Scholar]
  48. Keller, J. G. (2012) Preface: Mutuality or monopoly: Reflections on the ethics of international curriculum work. In T. C. Mason and R. J. Helfenbein (Eds.) Ethics and international curriculum work: The challenges of culture and context. NC: Information Age Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  49. Kelman, H. C. (1966). Values for graduate education in psychology. American Psychologist, 21(10), 954–956. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024063 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  50. Kelman, H. C. (2008). Reconciliation from a Social-Psychological Perspective. In A. Nadler, T. E. and J. D. Fisher (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup reconciliation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar]
  51. Lazarus, N. (2011). Evaluating peace education in the Oslo-Intifada generation: A long-term impact study of Seeds of Peace 1993-2010 (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).  [Google Scholar]
  52. Levinas, E. (1998). Of God Who Comes to Mind, trans. B. Bergo. California: Stanford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  53. Liambas, A. & Kaskaris, I. (2012) “Dialogue and Love in the work of Paulo Freire”. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol. 10, n. 1, pp. 185-196. (http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/10-1-13.pdf) [Google Scholar]
  54. Macedo, D. (2005). Introduction to the anniversary edition. In P Freire (2005) Pedagogy of the Oppressed (30th anniversary edition), New York: Bloomsbury.  [Google Scholar]
  55. Maoz, I. (2002) Conceptual Mapping and Evaluation of Peace Education Programs: The Case of Education for Coexistence Through Intergroup Encounters Between Jews and Arabs in Israel. In G. Salomon and B. Nevo (Eds.). Peace education: The concept, principles, and practices around the world. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. London.  [Google Scholar]
  56. Miller, G. D. (1998). Negotiating Toward Truth: The Extinction of Teachers and Students. The Netherlands: Value Inquiry Book Series. [Google Scholar]
  57. Ozacky-Lazar, S. (2008). “The Seven Good Years?” Israel, 1967–1973: The Critical Change. Israel Studies. 23(3), 18.  [Google Scholar]
  58. Posner, A. B. (2006). Teaching Peace While Living War: Obstacles to Effective Peace Education by Non-Governmental Organizations - The Case of Israel/Palestine 2000-2004. Ph.D. Dissertation, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. [Google Scholar]
  59. Reardon, B. (1988). Comprehensive peace education. New York and London: Teachers College Press. [Google Scholar]
  60. Rule, P. (2011). Bakhtin and Freire: Dialogue, dialectic and boundary learning. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 43(9), 924–942.  [Google Scholar]
  61. Scham, P., Salem, W., Pogrund, B. (2005). Shared histories: a Palestinian-Israeli dialogue. Walnut Creek, Calif. Left Coast Press.  [Google Scholar]
  62. Schimmel, N. (2009). Towards a sustainable and holistic model of peace education: a critique of conventional modes of peace education through dialogue in Israel, Journal of Peace Education, 6:1, 51-68.  [Google Scholar]
  63. Shor, I., Freire, P. (1987) A Pedagogy for Liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. New York, Bergin & Garvey. [Google Scholar]
  64. Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, 56-65. [Google Scholar]
  65. The Dalai Lama (1997). The Statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the 38th Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1997 Dharamsala. Retrieved from http://www.friendsoftibet.org/databank/hhdlgeneral/hhdlg6.html October 10th, 2019. [Google Scholar]
  66. Trifonas, P. P., Wright, B. (2011). Critical issues in peace and education. Routledge. Taylor &Francis Group. New York and London.  [Google Scholar]
  67. Wallach, J., Wallach, M. (2000). The Enemy Has a Face: The Seeds of Peace Experience. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press. [Google Scholar]
  68. Witherell, C., & Noddings, N. (1991). Stories lives tell: Narrative and dialogue in education. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.  [Google Scholar]